What Is Neuropathy? Neuropathy Causes And Treatments

Neuropathy is a collection of disorders that occurs when nerves of the peripheral nervous system (the part of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord) are damaged. The condition is generally referred to as peripheral neuropathy, and it is most commonly due to damage to nerve axons. Neuropathy usually causes pain and numbness in the hands and feet. It can result from traumatic injuries, infections, metabolic disorders, and exposure to toxins. One of the most common causes of neuropathy is diabetes.

Neuropathy can affect nerves that control muscle movement (motor nerves) and those that detect sensations such as coldness or pain (sensory nerves). In some cases - autonomic neuropathy - it can affect internal organs, such as the heart, blood vessels, bladder, or intestines.

Pain from peripheral neuropathy is often described as a tingling or burning sensation. There is no specific length of time that the pain exists, but symptoms often improve with time - especially if the neuropathy has an underlying condition that can be cured. The condition is often associated with poor nutrition, a number of diseases, and pressure or trauma, but many cases have no known reason (called idiopathic neuropathy).

In the United States, about 20 million people suffer from neuropathy. Over half of diabetes patients also suffer from the condition.

How is neuropathy classified?

Peripheral neuropathy can be broadly classified into the following categories:

• Mononeuropathy - involvement of a single nerve. Examples include carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar nerve palsy, radial nerve palsy, and peroneal nerve palsy.
• Multiple mononeuropathy - two or more nerves individually affected.
• Polyneuropathy - generalized involvement of peripheral nerves. Examples includediabetic neuropathy and Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Neurophathies may also be categorized based on a functional classification (motor, sensory, autonomic, or mixed) or the type of onset (acute - hours or days, subacute - weeks or months, or chronic - months or years).

The most common form of neuropathy is (symmetrical) peripheral polyneuropathy, which mainly affects the feet and legs on both sides of the body.

What causes neuropathy?

About 30% of neuropathy cases are considered idiopathic, which means they are of unknown cause. Another 30% of neuropathies are due to diabetes. In fact, about 50% of people with diabetes develop some type of neuropathy. The remaining cases of neuropathy, called acquired neuropathies, have several possible causes, including:

• Trauma or pressure on nerves, often from a cast or crutch or repetitive motion such as typing on a keyboard
• Nutritional problems and vitamin deficiencies, often from a lack of B vitamins
• Alcoholism, often through poor dietary habits and vitamin deficiencies
• Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome
• Tumors, which often press up against nerves
• Other diseases and infections, such as kidney disease, liver disease, Lyme disease, HIV/AIDS, or an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
• Inherited disorders (hereditary neuropathies), such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and amyloid polyneuropathy
• Poison exposure, from toxins such as heavy metals, and certain medications and cancertreatments

Who gets neuropathy?

Risk factors for peripheral neuropathy include several conditions and behaviors. People with diabetes who poorly control their blood sugar levels are very likely to suffer from some neuropathy. Autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis also increase one's chance of developing a neuropathy. People who have received organ transplants, AIDSpatients, and others who have had some type of immune system suppression have a higher risk of neuropathy. In addition, those who abuse alcohol or have vitamin deficiencies (especially B vitamins) are at an increased risk. Neuropathy is also more likely to occur in people with kidney, liver or thyroid disorders.

What are the symptoms of neuropathy?

Neuropathy symptoms depend on several factors, chiefly where the affected nerves are located and which type of nerves are affected (motor, sensory, autonomic). Several types of neuropathy affect all three types of nerves. Some neuropathies suddenly arise while others come on gradually over the course of years.

Motor nerve damage usually leads to symptoms that affect muscles such as muscle weakness, cramps, and spasms. It is not uncommon for this type of neuropathy to lead to a loss of balance and coordination. Patients may find it difficult to walk or run, feel like they have heavy legs, stumble, or tire easily. Damage to arm nerves may make it difficult to do routine tasks like carry bags, open jars, or turn door knobs.

Sensory nerve damage can cause various symptoms, such as an impaired sense of position, tingling, numbness, pinching and pain. Pain from this neuropathy is often described as burning, freezing, or electric-like, and many report a sensation of wearing an invisible "glove" or "stocking". These sensations tend to be worse at night, and can become painful and sever. On the contrary, sensory nerve damage may lead to a lessening or absence of sensation, where nothing at all is felt.

Autonomic nerve damage affects internal organs and involuntary functions and can lead to abnormal blood pressure and heart rate, reduced ability to perspire, constipation, bladder dysfunction, diarrhea, incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and thinning of the skin.

How is neuropathy diagnosed?

a nerve conduction test

Peripheral neuropathy is often not easy to diagnose. It is not a single disease, but a symptom with often several potential causes. The standard diagnostic process begins with a full medical history with physical and neurological exams that will examine tendon reflexes, muscle strength and tone, the ability to feel sensations, and posture and coordination. Blood tests are also common in order for doctors to measure levels of vitamin B-12. Other common tests include urinalysis, thyroid function tests, and a nerve conduction study that includes electromyography (to measure electrical discharges produced in muscles). Physicians may also recommend a nerve biopsy, where a small portion of nerve is removed and examined under a microscope.

How is neuropathy treated?

There are a variety of treatments available for peripheral neuropathy. They range from traditional pills and creams to special diets and therapies that stimulate the nervous system. Antidepressants, especially tricyclics and selective serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors (SNRI's), are a favored treatment for neuropathies. They will relieve neuropathic pain in non-depressed persons. Another class of medicines commonly prescribed for neuropathy is that of anticonvulsants. These medicines block calcium channels on neurons to limit pain. Opioid narcotic treatments for neuropathy are used as well to treat the condition, but are less favored because of the risk of dependency. However, opioids have been the most consistently effective in reducing pain.

For some types of neuropathy, such as post-herpes neuralgia, physicians recommend treatment with a topical anesthetic such as lidocaine. Topical applications of capsaicin (the chemical that makes peppers hot) has also been used to treat neuropathic pain.

Alternative therapies for peripheral neuropathy include cannabinoids (an class of chemicals found in marijuana), Botulinum Toxin Type A (better known as Botox), NMDA antagonists (such as ketamine), dietary supplements (such as alpha lipoic and benfotiamine), chiropractic massages, yoga, meditation, cognitive therapy, and accupuncture.

A final class of therapies for neuropathy are called neuromodulators. These include both implantable and non-implantable technologies (electrical and chemical) such as spinal cord stimulators, implanted spinal pumps, electrodes that stimulate the motor cortex of the brain, and methods called deep brain stimulation.

How can neuropathy be managed and prevented?

There are several ways to manage neuropathy and prevent its symptoms. Good foot health is important, especially for diabetics. Patients should check feet for blisters, cuts, or calluses and avoid tight fitting shoes and socks. Doctors can recommend an exercise plan that will reduce neuropathy pain and control blood sugar levels. Patients should also quit smoking and eat healthful meals. Massages of hands and feet may also aid neuropathy management by stimulating nerves and temporarily relieving pain. Finally, it is advised to avoid prolonged pressure on knees or elbows in order to prevent new nerve damage.

What is neuropathy? - Video

Anti-Bullying Skills and Techniques for Children

Mark Lakewood, Relationship Specialist, Author, and Motivational Speaker

  Bullying is a big problem in our schools today. However, bullying has always been a problem. The main differences between bullying today from the past are the nature of the bullying and the violence that occurs in the aftermath. Cyberbullying is becoming a popular and more destructive form of bullying than traditional bullying. More children today are bringing guns to school to seek revenge on others. Bullying has been around and will probably remain for years to come. Not only was I bullied as a child, but I continue to get bullied today as an adult. I do not believe that we have the power to rid the world of bullying. I believe the answer to the issue of bullying rests with all of us, especially the victims of bullying. I am not suggesting that victims of bullying are responsible for bullying. On the contrary, what I am suggesting is that victims of bullying have the power in themselves to think, behave, and react in ways that limits or eradicates bullying. As a society, we spend too much of our energy identifying and punishing the bully that we fail to spend enough time empowering the victims of bullying. We should spend more of our energy on the things that we can control rather than the things we have limited or no control over. We need to teach children about the power that they already possess. Let me elaborate on a few issues that parents should teach their children regarding the issue of bullying.
Let's first talk about the characteristics of bullying. Typically, bullies and their victims share the same characteristic - low self-esteem. It just depends on whether they internalize or externalize their feelings that will determine if they will become a bully or a victim of bullying. Typically, negative situations and events in the child's life can trigger low self-esteem. Externalizing feelings can cause some children to become bullies as they attempt to control their environment to compensate for their lack of control in their family. For instance, if a child's parents are divorcing and the child is very upset about the divorce, he or she might feel powerless in their ability to keep their parents together. As a result, the child might take out his or her rage on others for purposes of seeking control to compensate for his or her lack of control over their parents' impending divorce.
Given the same scenario (parental divorce), some children internalize their feelings by not talking or acting out how they feel. Instead, they become depressed and withdrawn feeling like a failure. Often, they develop a negative image of themselves and their physical appearance. They look at others and the world around them with shaded lens. When a bully validates this child's feelings about themselves, this child often reacts negatively to the validation because he or she feels the bully is correct in their interpretation.
Often times, children with high self-esteem do not respond negatively to bullies because they already know that whatever the bully says negatively about them is untrue and therefore they do not feel the need to defend themselves against the foolishness of others.
As human beings, our behavior, thoughts, and feelings are never dictated or controlled by others, situations, and events unless we allow this to occur. Simply said, others, situations, and events can trigger a reaction based on what we are thinking. In other words, if I really didn't want to go to work today and my car has a flat tire, I might experience happiness because I didn't want to go to work. On the other hand given the same event (flat tire), I might want to go to work today to take care of some undone business. Because the flat tire might delay or eliminate my chances of getting to work, this situation might cause me anger. How could the same event in both situations cause two different feelings? It wasn't the event at all that triggered the feelings. It was what I was thinking about the event that triggered my feelings. Therefore, manipulating the way we think can alter how we feel. We all have the ability to take ownership and control over our thoughts. We however have limited or no control over specific events, situations, and the behavior of others. Sometimes, we attempt to control events, situations, and others but become frustrated when our attempts fail.
Now, how does the paragraph above apply to the issue of bullying? The main goal of bullies is to attempt to get their victims to experience fear, anger, or sadness. Once their victim demonstrates signs of these emotions via the words he or she uses and/or their body language, the bully has complete and total control over them. The bully will continue to bully their victim until the victim no longer verbally and/or physically displays fear, anger, or sadness in response to the bullying. The bullying will end once the victim responds the opposite of what the bully expects.
How do we get children to react the opposite of what the bully expects? This is where role-playing comes in handy. Parents should regularly sit down with their children helping them learn to react the opposite of what bullies expect. Often times, this task is much easier when the parent knows what hurtful words or phrases bullies say that makes their children feel fearful, angry, or sad. Using these hurtful words and/or phrases in role-plays will emotionally prepare children when they are approached by bullies.
It is also important to teach children that they have the power to change or affect the agenda of bullies by the words they use. For instance, if a bully calls a child 'stupid', the child could defuse the bullying by stating to the bully, “That's nice”, “How about that”, “Oh, well”, and so forth. The worst thing that the child could do is respond by telling the bully that he or she is stupid or make any other negative statement. A negative response will only inflame the situation encouraging further bullying.
In addition, parents should teach and role-play with their children specified forms of body language that reflects a child with high self-esteem from a child with low self-esteem. Body language communicates feelings more so than spoken words. If a child yells at a bully that he or she is not bothered by their behavior, the bully knows that the child is bothered because of the yelling. Lack of eye contact, looking down, slouched posture, lack of hygiene, and low tone of voice can be viewed as symptoms of low self-esteem.
Parents need to teach their children that bullies rarely get angry with them. Bullies are typically angry at themselves and/or events that are or have occurred in their own life for which they have limited or no control. Bullies indirectly take out their anger on the ones they could easily control.
Parents should never teach their children to physically fight back when approached by a bully. The problem with fighting back is that children will get themselves into trouble for engaging in physically assaultive behavior. Think of it this way - bullies rarely ever throw the first punch. They always entice their victim into throwing the first punch. This way, when they are asked who started the fight, the bully could easily and truthfully state that their victim started it. In addition, there are significant legal ramifications that can arise as a result of physically assaultive behavior.
It is important to remember that physical violence typically occurs after a negative verbal interaction. Violence typically is provoked and rarely unprovoked. Therefore to avoid violence, the conflict can and should be defused during the verbal exchange. This is why the words victims say and their body language are so significant and detrimental to the outcome of bullying. Recent school shootings suggest that the shooters were bullied by their classmates. The bullying subsequently provoked the school violence.
Parents should be cautious when teaching their children to ignore bullies. The problem with ignoring is that the bully knows that their behavior is irritating, annoying, and controlling their victim. Therefore, the bullying will continue.
Parents should be cautious when teaching their children to constantly report bullying to an adult. Parents should encourage their children to first attempt to resolve the bullying on their own with the skills taught above. If their children are unsuccessful resolving these issues on their own, they should be encouraged to report the bullying. If their children automatically report the bullying without attempting to defuse the situation on their own, they will be perceived and labeled as a tattle-tale which will encourage more bullying.
Parents need to teach their children the correct definition of the word 'tattling'. Some children feel that reporting misbehavior to adults is considered tattling. Parents need to teach their children that reporting on others just to see them get into trouble is considered tattling. A child that reports to his or her parents that their brother is picking his nose is tattling. Children always need to report to an adult if they were physically, sexually, or verbally harmed by others or if they witnessed others engaging in destructive or illegal behaviors.
It is very easy to feel sorry and sympathy toward victims of bullying. However, it would be more helpful to the victim if we are more empathic to their needs by empowering them to diffuse bullying on their own. As a result, their ability to defuse the bullying would ultimately raise their level of self-esteem and self-worth.
If you would like additional tips and suggestions regarding bullying prevention skills or if you would like to attend an online educational seminar, please feel free to log onto the Building Strong Families National Seminar's website.
As a Motivational Speaker, Mr. Lakewood facilitates seminars on family-related issues. Graduating with a Master's degree in Social Work, Mr. Lakewood authored his first parenting DVD series entitled "The Sudden Compliance" program designed to help children significantly and swiftly improve their behavior at home, school, and within the community. He also authored the "Standing Up To Bullying" bullying prevention program designed to reduce bullying within schools, homes, and the community.
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How Children Learn Languages

Learning a language—learning a first language or learning a fourth—is an exceptional accomplishment for anybody. Yet everyone completes this process and does so successfully at least once in their life.
Linguists—those researchers who devote their lives and thoughts to studying the intricacies and nuances of language—call the learning process "doubtless the greatest intellectual feat any one of us is ever required to perform." Yet this achievement is often taken completely for granted. For non-linguists (like most of us), the magnitude of this accomplishment only becomes apparent when we step back and think of everything that goes into the first few faltering steps we take toward language.
An excellent guide to this moment in life is linguist Dr. Charles Yang's book The Infinite Gift: How Children Learn and Unlearn the Languages of the World. Dr. Yang, who teaches at the University of Pennsylvania, ably reveals the complexities of the process while also showing us why these complexities are mastered so naturally—and so beautifully—by children all over the world, regardless of the language they're learning. Following his guided tour of language learning, we can even begin to appreciate the astonishing truth that, as he says, "children are infinitely better at learning languages than we are."
In order to appreciate the mechanics and other fine points of language learning, many linguists believe we need to understand one big concept first. The ability to learn a language is, they say, part of the "software" we're born with, running in slightly different ways based on specific data inputs. This "program" is called "universal grammar," and it explains how children can learn so quickly despite being surrounded by unfamiliar sounds, many of which aren't even part of language! "The only way for children to learn something as complex as language," as the theory goes, "is to have known a lot about how language works beforehand, so that a child knows what to expect when immersed in the sea of speech. In other words, the ability to learn a language is innate, hidden somewhere in our genes."

Trial and Error

Of course, not all languages appear to share much in common, and their diversity seems to defy the idea that there could be something universal underlying all languages that is coded into our species at the gene-level. Yet linguists point out that, with careful and meticulous analysis of the structures of world languages, one sees that the places languages diverge from each other are limited, and the ways they diverge are also limited. For example, English sentences follow a pattern of subject-verb-object ("kids learn Spanish") while a Bengali sentence (or a Hindi sentence or a Japanese sentence) follows the pattern of subject-object-verb ("kids Spanish learn"). (Bonus fact: Irish and Scottish Gaelic are two of the few examples of languages that follow the pattern verb-subject-object, as in "learn kids Spanish.")
Yet if there is something universal about language deep down in our genes, why was French class sophomore year so tough? Here Dr. Yang introduces a brilliant and original theory. Clearly, we cannot be 'born into' any specific language—babies born in San Francisco aren't any more inherently predisposed to English than those born in Santiago. What Yang suggests instead is that, over our first few years, we learn to "specialize" in our native language by finding out what sounds, grammar and phrases don't work for our language. "Only the grammar actually used in the child's linguistic environment will not be contradicted, and only the fittest survives. In other words, children learn a language by unlearning all other possible languages."

Hunting for Language

A critical step—perhaps the first step—in this unlearning process is when babies begin to sift the little nuggets of language they hear from all the other noises around them. It seems second nature to us to distinguish speech from all the other sounds we make, but for someone whose introduction to speech and sounds begins in the womb, it may not be.
Yang does say, that even in the womb a baby can begin to pick up on is the rhythm and cadence of speech—what linguists (and poets) call prosody. As Yang suggests, hum a sentence in English and then one in (if you know it) Spanish or Italian. There are broad distinctions between the patterns of stress and how long you hold different syllables between these languages, or between German and French. Scientists have proven that even newborns are sensitive enough to these differences to notice when a speaker switches from one language to another. From the get-go, babies use prosody to pull speech out of, as Yang calls it, "the acoustic mess that conceals consonants, vowels, and words."
A second part of this language scavenger hunt is the process of pulling sounds apart so that they can be combined in different ways. And a part of that process is learning which sounds in a language generate different meanings when they're used. For instance, saying "bat" like an Englishman ("baht") doesn't make it a different word, but saying "cat" does.
Let's take a different case. In some Southeast Asian languages, such as Korean or Japanese, the 'r' and the 'l' do not make words mean different things when they are pronounced. Yet in English, they clearly make a great deal of difference. What is interesting is that studies have shown that Korean babies can easily differentiate between 'r' and 'l.' Yang comments, "[a]s Korean babies grow into Korean adults, a perfectly distinguishable acoustic contrast gets lost; only those sounds that are important to the words in the Korean language are retained."

Language Learning and Lazy Brains

Yang says, "We need to be careful about exactly what is lost in the specialization process. It was once thought that the native language permanently dulls out the universal auditory system available at birth, but the reality turns out to be more complicated. First, it remains true that (sufficiently) young children can move to a new country and speak the language very well; this would not be possible if the auditory system lost the sensitivity to nonnative contrasts altogether."
So it is not that a child (or an adult) suddenly loses the physical capacity to hear distinct 'r' and 'l' sounds, but rather that the (now well-trained) brain has begun taking over and purposely ignoring the differences in sensory input between them. But why does this happen? Does the older brain just get lazy? Yang has a simple answer: well, sorta. The world of language—not to mention the world of sounds—is a complex place, with torrents of sensory data bombarding you most of the time. Cutting a few corners isn't laziness, therefore—it's a survival mechanism, like being able to recognize your alarm clock's bell but ignoring most other noises that might wake you up at 5:30 A.M.

Children's Language Learning Around The World

If you're still a little concerned about where this puts you and your child, you're not alone. Parents all over the world worry about where their children are in their developmental path even just relative to their neighbors, much less relative to all the children in China or Germany. Yang has some solid words of encouragement. "While there are typical behaviors as children utter their earliest words, there is no typical child. All children are different: their vocal tracts have different sizes and shapes, their physiological maturation follows somewhat different schedules, and above all, they have different parents (so they hear different words)… A global perspective for language forces us to assume that children all over the world are on the same footing."

How To Help Children Learn A Second Language

Of course, we know that hearing that your child has her own unique developmental path and process isn't going to stop you from wondering what that path holds, and how you can be a part of it. Taking what we know about language, here is some advice:
If the most critical step of language learning for a child is the process of finding the language—of picking its words and sounds and rhythms out from all the "acoustic mess" around them—then help them find more than one language! This won't mix them up anymore than playing Radiohead and Rachmaninoff will leave them later incapable of telling rock from classical. Play them DVDs or CDs of people speaking in a foreign language, read to them in it if you feel comfortable doing so, and let it be part of their audio environment.

Learning A Second Language At An Early Age

If babies and toddlers specialize in one language because "only the grammar actually used in the child's linguistic environment will not be contradicted, and only the fittest survives," then it is absolutely essential to offer children an environment in which the grammar and vocabulary of another language will be encouraged. Parents should urge their children to use it themselves, experimenting as they would with English. And parents should also make sure that there are positive examples of the language in the home—in some form or another, and not necessarily the parents themselves.
It really seems that earlier is better because earlier is easier. If language learning is also a process of unlearning, the less unlearning that takes place, the better. The more we adapt to one language, the more our brain ignores the subtle inputs which can mean a great deal for another language. Yang recommends thinking of it in terms of distinguishing between colors—if you've become used to thinking of orange and yellow as the same color, you're going to have to see them next to each other many times to begin to see the difference. You certainly can, but the longer you've been thinking of them as the same, the more times you'll have to see them side-by-side. Start out with the rainbow, and the world's a much more colorful place.

 

Top 5 Killer Cancers

Cancer is the disease that everyone fears and the 'C' word is one that is often spoken in hushed tones. And rightly so too as cancer is on the way to becoming the number one killer disease in the US (it's actually number two with heart diseases currently in that position). The idea of a mutation that spreads throughout your body is one that is highly disturbing to think about, and at the same time it is all the more scary as there is no sure fire way to prevent it and no way to anticipate it. Heart disease is in most cases a result of an already weakened heart, familial links, smoking, cholesterol etc; but in the majority of cancer cases despite some genetic links, it can strike at any time and without warning.

When we suffer from cancer this means that the DNA of a cell has become mutated and that means that when it splits via mitosis to create a new cell, that damaged DNA is then copied into the new cell – so that it spreads over time until whole areas become cancerous or a tumor forms. At the same time cancerous cells tend to reproduce more quickly than other cells as they have a shorter lifespan and that means that the cancer will quickly cause damage and grow out of control. If the cancerous cells are part of a major organ then eventually this organ will stop working and that can result in numerous complications and death. In other cases the cancer may spread to other areas and local structures (this is called metastasizing), which is why it's important for cancer to be detected early and then removed where possible.

However not all types of cancer are the same, and there are distinct differences between say brain cancer and liver cancer – partly because the cells themselves differ depending on where they are in the body and because the different organs perform different functions resulting in different dangers and symptoms. Some of these cancers are also more prevalent than others, while others are more dangerous. By understanding cancer and the different types of cancer, you can be more vigilant in catching it out before it takes a hold over your body and you can therefore help to protect yourself. Here we will look at the top five cancers to look out for – the top five killer cancers in America.

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer accounts for 28.3% of all cancer related deaths putting it as the number one killer cancer. Worldwide it is responsible for nearly 1.5 million deaths a year. It is of course characterized by cell growth in the lung tissues and the nearby tissue eventually. These forms of cancer are carcinomas which come from the epithelial cells.

Lung cancer can be seen on chest radiographs and computed tomography scans and is confirmed with biopsy. It is important for patients to look out for symptoms too which include shortness of breath, coughing up blood, chronic coughing, wheezing, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. If you suffer any of these symptoms you should seek medical attention immediately.

Common treatments for lung cancer are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy which aim to remove cancerous cells or prevent their proliferation. Surgery is more common in a type of lung cancer called 'non-small cell lung cancer' (NSCLC) as this form doesn't spread as early as other forms.

Of course the primary cause of lung cancer is smoking and this accounts for 15% of all cases of lung cancer. This is a quick way to demonstrate just how important it is to avoid tobacco smoke. On top of this exposure to asbestos, pollution and radon gas all make lung cancer more likely, while genetic factors may also play a role.

Colon Cancer

Colon cancer is colorectal cancer which takes place in the colon – the last part of the digestive system which is responsible for extracting water and salt from waste before elimination. Growths confined to the colon will usually be diagnosed through a colonoscopy and are often treatable. 90% of cases discovered at this stage will survive past five years. However if this spreads into the lymph nodes the prognosis becomes worse (48%) and if it spreads further it is largely untreatable and only 7% survive. It is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, and is found often in developing countries. In the US it is the second biggest cause of cancer related deaths and accounts for 9.6% of such fatalities.

The symptoms of colon cancer vary depending on where the tumor is located and are most pronounced when it is located nearer the anus. This will result in altered bowel habits – unexplained constipation, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, and the need to use the toilet that won't be satisfied. In some cases the tumor can be large enough to fill the entire lumen and in this case it can cause abdominal distension – a visible enlargement of the stomach. Eventually it may cause perforation and peritonitis. Alternatively colonic tumors located to the left that are large enough in size may cause 'hydronephrosis' or distension of the renal pelvis calyces and resulting in the atrophy of the kidney.

Colon cancer is most common in those in their 60s and 70s and cases before 50 are less common except where there is a family history. Smokers are also more likely again to develop colonic cancer, as are those who consume diets high in red meat and low in fruit, vegetables and poultry. Alcohol consumption is also a big risk factor. On the other hand exercise can reduce the chances of colonic cancer. Treatments are again often surgery or chemotherapy.

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a cancer with a lot of publicity and it is responsible for 7.4% of cancer related deaths. Of course this cancer affects the tissue of the breasts and is actually able to affect both men and women, though it is more likely to affect women. Most commonly the cancer will originate in the inner lining of the milk ducts or alternatively the lobules which supply those ducts with milk. Treatment is often surgical, though chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiation and immunotherapy are also used. Often surgery will be used to remove cancerous tissues and chemotherapy will then be used subsequently to prevent re-occurrence. 

What's important to look out for with breast cancer is changes to the skin and texture of the breast. One of the most common symptoms is a lump which feels different from the rest of the breast and the discovery of a lump helps identify over 80% of cases. Other changes might include changes to the size, shape or texture of the breast or nipple. The appearance of small white spots may also be indicative. From here a mammogram will be used in order to diagnose the condition.

The main risk factor for breast cancer is of course female sex. However age also plays a role, while mothers who have had children and breast fed are less likely to develop breast cancer. Meanwhile smoking and drinking yet again can increase risk.

Pancreatic Cancer

The pancreas is an endocrine gland responsible for the production of many hormones including insulin, glucagon and somatostatin and is also a digestive organ which helps to secrete important enzymes and assists the absorption of nutrients.

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the US and across the rest of the world and accounts for 6% of such deaths. The condition has a poor prognosis when compared to other cancers at all stages and only 6% of cases survive past five years.

Part of the danger with pancreatic cancer is that it has few discernible symptoms which earn its name 'the silent killer'. Thus the condition is rarely diagnosed before it has reached the advanced stages.

Where there are symptoms they include loss of appetite, weight loss, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), pain in the abdomen, diabetes (due to the role of the pancreas in the production of insulin), depression due to hormonal changes and 'trousseau sign' where blood clots form in the portal blood vessel. The main risk factors are family history, as well as age – with most cases occurring past the age of sixty. Smoking and drinking also increases the likelihoods of developing the condition (though the latter is controversial), as will obesity or a diet high in red meat and low in fruits and vegetables. Soft drinks have also been implicated, and diabetics are more likely to suffer from it also.

Treatment again depends on the stage of the cancer as well as the type but most commonly involves the 'Whipple procedure' in which the pancreatic head and curve of the duodenum are removed surgically and a bypass is created between the stomach to the jejunum. This of course cannot be performed where the cancer has affected local structures and as a form of major surgery carries its own risks.

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer causes 5.1% of cancer deaths and is of course cancer which develops in the prostate tissue. The prostate is the gland in the male reproductive system which secretes and stores alkaline fluid which is milky and white in appearance and gives semen its color and texture while also helping to expel it during ejaculation.

Prostate cancer is slow growing in most cases though in some cases may spread aggressively and increase the chances of metastasizing to other areas and particularly the bones and lymph nodes. Symptoms include pain, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, difficulty ejaculating, blood in the urine (hematuria), sexual problems, erectile dysfunction and other symptoms – though often these are not present until the later stages. Genetics, diet and other factors increase the risk of prostate cancer and it is usually confirmed through biopsy and CT scans.

The primary treatments for prostate cancer are surgery, radiation, radio surgery and proton therapy though chemotherapy and other methods may also be used.

Other Leading Killer Cancers

While these are the top five killer cancers, other leading causes of cancer related deaths are liver cancer (3%), ovarian cancer (2.7%), esophageal cancer (2.4%), bladder cancer (2.4%) and brain/meninges cancer (2.3%). These ten combined account for 69.1% of all cancer deaths.

What we can learn from these statistics is that cancer is a dangerous condition and one that we often can do little about; but that our lifestyle habits can affect our likelihood of developing the various kinds. Smoking is responsible for a huge proportion of cancers and drinking is also a large risk factor. By quitting these destructive habits and making sure to consume a healthy diet and get exercise you become far less likely to suffer. Meanwhile make sure to stay on the lookout, particularly for the symptoms of these top 5 killer cancers – because if you catch the problems early you will greatly increase your chances of survival.

How to Take Care of Your Nose

There are many things that we subject our noses to that are unhealthy and problematic for healthy breathing. Learning how to take care of your nose can help you enjoy a pain free, symptom free, lifelong experience of some of the world's most tantalizing smells. Your nose and sinuses are intimately connected, and helping to improve your nose health will help you to improve sinus health.

The nose serves two purposes. It provides an avenue for smelling which increases pleasure, warns against danger, and helps to improve the quality of life. It also serves as an airway into the lungs. A healthy nose will help filter particles from the airway much better than an unhealthy nose will. A chronically runny nose or stuffy nose can lead to headaches and other discomfort as well as become an irritating source of discomfort on its own.

Nasal Sprays

While nasal sprays are an obvious solution to nasal problems, they don't necessarily induce good nose health. In fact, many sprays are targeting your sinuses and not your nose, and thus can be damaging or irritating to the lining along the nostrils. If you do have to use a nasal spray, be sure to follow the directions and avoid spraying any more than absolutely necessary. Never exceed the dosing instructions or take it longer than prescribed as this can lead to serious problems.

Warm steam breathed in through the nostrils can actually help more than sprays. If you inhale the steam between 4 and 6 times daily without an additive, you can often help clear up sinuses and improve your nasal passages quickly without the risk of harming membranes.

Humidity in the Air

Keeping your home's air a bit more humid can help improve nose health as well. Humidity helps prevent things like waking in the middle of the night with nasal problems and can increase the ease of breathing. In some cases it can also help cut down on snoring because the nasal passages are not clogged.

Using a simple humidifier will allow you to control the level of moisture in the home's air. It is not necessary to add medications to the humidifier because all you're seeking is relief from the dry air. Dry air is especially common in the winter time and if you have forced hot air heat this may be the only time that you experience discomfort. Humidity can be helpful regardless of whether you suffer from asthma, allergies, or tend not to suffer from any breathing problems.

Allergens

Allergens are a common problem. When you're taking good care of your nose you want to relieve allergies as quickly and easily as possible while minimizing the need for medications. Allergy medications tend to dry the nasal passages too much, make one sleepy, or keep one awake at night. Thus, the more you can do to eliminate household allergens and other triggers the better off you are.

Air filtration can be beneficial for helping your nose stay happy and healthy. Nasal allergies can be very difficult to live with and keeping a filtration system in top working order can help improve the situation. You also want to make sure that you clean or replace the air filter in your heating and cooling units regularly. Vacuum cleaners with filters should be kept at top filtration capacity. Many people with allergies do better in homes with hard floors instead of carpeting because there are fewer fibers to trap dander, mites, and dust.

If you need help controlling allergies see your physician and ask about alternatives to medication. The severity of your nasal allergies will determine how many natural options you might have.

Keeping the Nose Clean

A cleaner nose is a happier nose. The way you clean your nose is important. To take care of your nose properly you will want to make sure that it receives the same kind of care that you want your skin and hair to have. With a cotton swab and warm, mildly salty water you can clean your nose without risk of scratching or cutting and you will not damage the sensitive membranes.

With mildly salted warm water on a cotton swab you will want to clean any debris from the nose without going far up into the nasal passages. Ultimately, you want to avoid sticking anything in your nose, but for cleaning purposes this is often the safest and most effective method.

Cleaning your nose not only helps to keep it comfortable but it also helps to improve its ability to filter particles. Cleaner noses tend to develop fewer allergic reactions and help to reduce snoring as well. Thus, you want to make sure that you maintain a clean and healthy nose as part of your daily routine.

Smoking and the Nose

Cigarette smoking is damaging. The nasal cavity suffers more from smoking menthol cigarettes than it does from non-menthol cigarettes. Pipes, cigars, and other forms of smoking can also cause irritation and damage to the lining of the nasal passages. If you can avoid smoking altogether, you are helping your nose avoid long term dryness, irritation, and sensitivity to allergen triggers. You are also saving your life.

Of course, avoiding second hand smoke and other pollutants will help reduce the risk of damage to the membranes as well. You will want to breathe the cleanest air possible. If you smoke, you're not going to be able to feel the benefits as fully when it comes to taking care of your nose.

Objects, Surgery, and Nose Jobs

Sticking objects, including fingers, into your nose is dangerous. While you may have been able to get away with it all of your life, slicing your nasal membranes with an object or a fingernail can lead to infection. Infections in the nasal cavity are hard to treat. It's just better to prevent anything from traveling up your nostrils that isn't supposed to be there.

Surgeries performed on the nose for medical reasons often mean a rehabilitation period. Be sure that you follow your physician's instructions for after care and call immediately if you have any concerns. Preventing infections is vital after nasal surgery.

Elective surgical procedures are hard on the nasal passages and can alter your nose's overall health. When considering these procedures it may be wise to question whether it's really necessary or appropriate before you jump in.

Healthy Noses and Happy Breathing

The more you do to learn how to take care of your nose the easier breathing will be. Clear from debris and allergens your nasal passages can relax. Inflammation can often be caused by triggers other than allergies. This means that once the inflammation is gone the allergen triggers may not be nearly as intense. Healthy noses and happy breathing is part of living healthier lives.

Substance Abuse

Identify & Get Informed

The World Health Organization defined substance abuse as “the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs”. Substance abuse touches millions of people worldwide each year. It is estimated that about 76.3 million people struggle with alcohol use disorders contributing to 1.8 million deaths per year. As is the case with some global issues, substance abuse is unequally represented– the developing world, marginalized groups and communities being the most vulnerable to this reality. For example, in North America, Indigenous communities are particularly vulnerable to drug and alcohol addictions. The United Nations reported that around 185 million people globally over the age of 15 were consuming drugs by the end of the 20th century. The most commonly mentioned drugs were marijuana, cocaine, alcohol, Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), opiates and volatile solvents. 

Many people use drugs as an escape from their reality. Drug abuse does not necessarily correlate to how wealthy or poor one is. Some may argue that wealthier individuals can "afford" to buy more drugs than someone living in poverty who might resort to abusing less expensive addictive substances such as in the case of sniffing glue to alter one’s physical and mental state. Hence, different circumstances may have led them to the same end - substance abuse. It is important to note that substance abuse is a problem that affects us all differently but that holds the same consequences of harm, withdrawal from the community, and even death for all the lives it touches. 

To learn more about the Global Issues’ Guide-to-Action model used for this issue click here !

INDIGENOUS PERSPECTIVE

Substance abuse has been an ongoing issue for the world’s Indigenous peoples. It is a social and health issue for Indigenous communities worldwide, and has been the focus of many studies. Some have pointed out that the high rates of substance abuse among Indigenous people are due to factors such as colonization, and takeover of their lands. One source however points out that drugs and alcohol were prominent in these communities worldwide, prior to colonization. However, the communities were very tight knit, with tough regulations on who could “use” substances of any kind. It is possible that colonization could have changed the levels of social cohesion imposed upon Indigenous communities. With new cultural groups taking over the lands, some argued that this destroyed many families bonds, and due to the extreme changes in everyday life, Indigenous people felt lost and turned to drugs and alcohol. The perpetual use of drugs in Indigenous communities has been linked to feelings of despair from the days of colonization, the breakdown of their social values, family bonds and the inability for Indigenous to rightly claim what was once theirs. Like many people who cannot afford “expensive” drugs such as cocaine and marijuana,many youth in some Indigenous communities are using solvents for intoxication, such as sniffing gasoline. The effects of this have led to family and community breakdowns and continues to be a prominent struggles in many Indigenous communities. 

Lead & Get Others Involved

However tragic and common the stories of substance abuse are, there is always an inspiring story to be told. Forty-one year old David Parnell is an Indigenous man, living in Canada who has a story to tell. David began using drugs (marijuana initially) at the young age of 13. He quickly moved on to “harder” drugs such as methamphetamine. For 23 years, Parnell says that drugs were the focus of his life. After years of misery, he tried to take his own life, unsuccessfully, which left his face severely disfigured. After this incident, he vowed to change his life. At present, David takes his story on the road, traveling around North America primarily speaking to youth (both Indigenous and non-Indigenous) about the dangers of substance abuse. He brings hope to those who are trapped in the cycle of drug use and shows the dangers of drug abuse to those who haven’t yet explored it. 


Substance abuse has also been a prominent issue in the world of sports and it is commonly referred to as "doping". The World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) was created in 1999 as a collective international effort to "promote, coordinate, and monitor the fight against doping in sport in all its forms" (http://www.wada-ama.org). 

Fair play and good health is the main goal of advocates for a drug abuse free world. What will you do to create change on this issue?

Get Connected

"Now that you're inspired to lead others on this global issue click on the web links below to learn more about how you can get involved with this issue."


"The Global Youth Network is a youth network, in association with the United Nations, that allows youth to get informed on issues of drug abuse, connect to other organizations, and take action. 


Join the World Anti Doping Agency in the global effort to monitor and promote anti-doping in all sports worldwide. 


The World Drug Campaign makes a global effort to combat illicit drug abuse and trafficking. With events being held worldwide, this website offers useful information on how to get involved in your local community

Plan & Get Moving

So how are you going to share this global issue with others? 

Here’s what you can do on TIG:

• Create a petition or make a commitment to battle substance abuse among youth
• Start a TIG group or a project dedicated to informing and empowering young people in your community and around the world about substance abuse
• If you’re not sure how to start a conversation around this issue, connect with other TIG members on our discussion boards
• Check out TIG’s Action Guides to learn how to make the action you want to take on this global issue a reality.

Here’s what else you can do:

• Educate others on the issues and challenges surrounding substance abuse.
• Inform your community on how to identify someone who may be abusing drugs while sharing some helpful tips on how to live healthy without drugs.
• Join an organization (online or offline) that involves youth in issues regarding substance abuse and create change on this issue locally.

This is just the beginning, there is a world of opportunities for you to plan and get moving on. So what are you waiting for and get started today!

Have a Lasting Impact

Remember, learning about a new global issue is only the first step to developing the skills you need to have a lasting impact. So let the rest of TIG know what kind of change you want to see with the issue of substance abuse by joining us in one of our online discussions described below. 


How could you help someone who doesn’t believe they have a substance abuse problem? 

What do you think about casual drug use? Do you think it is the same thing as substance abuse? 


Have you ever been offered to use an addictive substance? 

Extras

Click on the following links to find out more about substance abuse worldwide. You can find charts, graphs, statistics and more! 

Facts and Figures 

Statistics and Charts 

Statistics and Figures 


References: 

World Health Organization: Substance Abuse. Web Address: http://www.who.int/topics/substance_abuse/en 

Signs of Abuse Related to Specific Substances. Web Address: http://www.drugfree.org/Intervention/Articles/Signs_of_abuse

Drugs of Abuse Information. Web Address: http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugpages.html. 

The Facts About Marijuana. Web Address: http://www.marijuana-info.org

Aboriginal Substance Abuse. Web Address: http://aboriginalrights.suite101.com/article.cfm/aboriginal_substance_abuse

Understanding Substance Abuse. Web Address: http://www.unodc.org/pdf/youthnet/handbook_what_are_drugs.pdf

Treatment Options: Resources for clients, family and friends. Web Address: http://www.camh.net/Care_Treatment/Resources_clients_families_friends/treat_young_people.pdf

Global Youth Network. Web Address: http://www.unodc.org/youthnet

Youth and the United Nations: Drug Abuse. Web Address: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/wpaydrug.htm

Aboriginal Women Drug Users in Conflict with the Law: A Study of the Role of Self-Identity in the Healing Journey. Web Address: http://www.carleton.ca/aboriginalwomenandstigmaresearch
Indigenous peoples and substance abuse. 

World Health Organization: Aboriginal Substance Abuse. Web Address: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/indigenous/en

Aboriginal Substance Abuse. Web Address: http://www.metisnation.org/programs/health/health_sub_abu2.html


Glossary

ATS = Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) refer to a group of drugs whose principal members include amphetamine and methamphetamine. However, a range of other substances also fall into this group, such as methcathinone, fenetylline, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylphenidate and MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’ – an amphetamine-type derivative with hallucinogenic properties. Smoking, sniffing and inhaling are the most popular methods of ATS use, but ways to take the drug vary widely across the region. 

Cocaine = a bitter, crystalline alkaloid, obtained from coca leaves, used as a local anesthetic and also widely used as an illicit drug for its stimulant and euphorigenic properties. Cocaine dependence has become a substantial public health problem, resulting in a significant number of medical, psychological and social problems, including the spread of infectious diseases (e.g. AIDS, hepatitis and tuberculosis), crime, violence and neonatal drug exposure. 

Marijuana = Cannabis is a generic term used to denote the several psychoactive preparations of the plant Cannabis sativa. Cannabis is by far the most widely cultivated, trafficked and abused illicit drug. Half of all drug seizures worldwide are cannabis seizures. 

Opiates = Heroin use has become increasingly common in North America and Europe since the 1960s. Since heroin is commonly used by injecting, the health risks including that of HIV and hepatitis transmission are substantial. Globally, it is estimated that 13.5 million people take opioids, including 9.2 million who use heroin. However, in many countries (notably those from Europe), the majority of heavy drug users seeking treatment are primarily addicted to opiates. 

Psychoactive = of or pertaining to a substance having a profound or significant effect on mental processes: a psychoactive drug.

Substance Abuse = Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs.

Volatile Solvents = Many volatile substances, if inhaled in sufficient quantity, produce effects similar to those of central nervous system depressants such as ethanol and barbiturates. Their abuse potential is directly related to their ability to produce intoxication and repeated abuse may result in psychological dependence or other harmful health effects. Most societies utilize products which contain substantial amounts of volatile organic solvents. Common household products which often contain organic solvents include cleaning and polishing fluids, contact adhesives, and paint and nail-polish removers. 


Have something more to add to what we’ve discussed above, then check out this global issue’s wiki page to have your say!

Identify & Get Informed

  Culture describes the many ways in which human beings express themselves for the purposes of uniting with others, forming a group, defining an identity, and even for distinguishing themselves as unique. 

Cultural expression is highly sensual in that human beings often create activities, practices, symbols, and so on that can be easily consumed by our senses. For example, culturally distinct forms of dance or physical movement attract our senses of touch and sight; whereas culturally specific foods seek to activate our sense of taste and smell. 

Although “culture” is not necessary for the survival of the human species, notions of culture and cultural identities are present in almost every human society on earth. As the world moves closer together through increased globalization, migration, and technological advancement human beings are beginning to question the role (and reach) of culture within all aspects of human existence. The “question of culture” is one that reflects on how culture has historically been used to justify and legitimize certain behaviors, practices, traditions, and overall ways of living. For example, while drafting the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, several countries represented at this United Nations General Assembly meeting that year took reservation with some of the tenants of the declaration that were perceived as being in “conflict” with their cultural practices and beliefs. In this example, using culture to refrain from agreeing with a set of international standards for handling cases of violence directed at women, posed a difficult situation given that it placed culture at odds with upholding universal notions of human rights. 

The global issue of culture encompasses many diverse matters of interest which include: Religious Freedom, Cultural Diversity, Disability Culture, Indigenous Peoples, Global Citizenship, and Languages.

To learn more about the Global Issues’ Guide-to-Action model used for this issue click here !

INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE PERSPECTIVE 

Some people have a great concern for the preservation of culture, and they fear that their cultural values and traditions are at risk of getting lost among the mix of new and different ideas. However, as global cultures become increasingly in contact, the fear that one’s culture will be loss can be easily avoided with the practice of Intercultural Dialogue. 

Intercultural dialogue supports the preservation as well as the fusion of various cultures. The focus of intercultural dialogue is on the willingness to learn about other cultures without the adoption of stereotypes and biases, which are often used to negatively represent a culture. Intercultural dialogue works like a bridge between cultures. Every new thing that is learned about another culture brings you one step closer to understanding that culture from a more diverse perspective. Bridging the cultural gap through intercultural dialogue will make it easier to cross from one culture to another. 

With advancements in information and communication technologies, we are faced with the responsibility to learn from each other with dignity, show mutual-respect for our differences and similarities, and begin to experience ourselves from a diversity of perspectives and viewpoints, not just our own. 

Lead & Get Others Involved

Culture is often used as a starting point when expressing our identity to others. Yet culture, like identity, is complex and it includes characteristics beyond ethnicity and religion. For instance, come people around the world share the common experience of living with a disability, but beyond the physical realities of disability, some people who identify as disabled have begun to recognize the uniqueness and empowerment of their collective expressions as members of the same culture, disability culture. Unlike other cultural groups, disability culture has not been as visible within communities around the world, in part due to the continued marginalization of peoples with disabilities, and in other cases because of the lack of voices being heard from this diverse cultural group. 

Kitty Lunn had been dancing at the professional level since she was 15 years old. While training for a theatre show, she had an accident that left her with a severe back injury and unable to walk. Her new disability forced her to take notice of how her experience of the world had changed; in addition to awaking her passion to share this new found experience with others. In 1995, Kitty Lunn founded the Infinity Dance Theatre, which supports physically disabled aspiring dancers. Lunn teaches a technique that incorporates strong ballet and modern dance traditions while inspiring a new definition of what makes a dancer by encouraging her students to experience dance through one’s own unique abilities.

Namel “Tapwaterz” Norris and Ricardo “Rickfire” Velasquez form the hip-hop singing group, 4 Wheel City. The duo from the United States of America refuses to let their fans see their disability as a barrier. Their music is a testimony to their experiences as members of the disability culture with musical messages reassuring their listeners that any aspiration is achievable regardless of one’s ability. Several media channels have featured 4 Wheel City, including Fox News and Source Magazine. 

If you have lead others to get involved in making an impact on the issue of culture or any other global issue, let the rest of the TakingITGlobal (TIG) community know by writing your own TIG member's story and inspire others to create change just like you!

Get Connected

Now that you’re inspired to lead others on this global issue check out these web links to learn more about how you can get involved with this issue.


Are you interested in intercultural and interreligious dialogues for purposes of leading others on issues of global importance? Then check out the leadership opportunities offered by the InterFaith Youth Core.


"Tree of Life" extends beyond the mundane uses of social networking to encourage a positive circle of sharing, learning, and dialogue on Indigenous Issues, First Peoples History, Environmental Sustainability, Artistic Creation, Writing, Research, and Indigenous Activism.


Calling for “a show of hands,” to support the survival of indigenous and minority communities, their cultures and languages.

Plan and Get Moving

So how are you going to share this global issue with others? 

Here’s what you can do on TIG:

• Create a petition or make a commitment to celebrate cultural diversity
• Start a TIG group or a project dedicated to informing and empowering young people in your community and around the world about cultural issues
• If you’re not sure how to start a conversation around this issue, connect with other TIG members on our discussion boards.
• Check out TIG’s Action Guides to learn how to make the action you want to take on this global issue a reality.

Here’s what else you can do:

• Think outside your ‘cultural box’ and begin to experience the diversity around you by attending cross-cultural events
• reflecting artistically on your own personal experiences with culture and submit it to a global art gallery
• Speak up against discrimination
• Visit a new community or country to learn from the locals of that area what there culture means to them.

This is just the beginning, there is a world of opportunities for you to plan and get moving on. So what are you waiting for and get started today!

Have a Lasting Impact

Remember, learning about a new global issue is only the first step to developing the skills you need to have a lasting impact. So let the rest of TIG know what kind of change you want to see with the issue of Culture by joining us in one of our online discussions described below.


What is Intercultural Dialogue?


The “question of culture,” should culture ever be questioned OR is culture essential to defining who we are as individuals or who we are collectively?


In America, it's polite to make eye contact, and would be considered rude not to. In your country, what are some cultural norms that take place while talking to somebody else?


References

4 Wheel City. Web Address: http://www.myspace.com/4wheelcity

National Registry of Dance Educators. Kitty Lunn R.D.E., Artistic Director. Web Address: http://www.nrde.org/lunnkitty.html


Glossary 

Religious Freedom = describes the right and freedom to practice, believe (or not believe), express, associate, and organize within a religion or spiritual way of life. 

Cultural Diversity = describes the celebration of multiple cultures co-existing in peaceful association. Culture diversity is not only for the preservation of culture (since cultures are constantly changing) but primarily for the purposes of experiencing the diversity of expressions and practices within the human species. 

Disability Culture = describes the movement by which disability is expressed as more than just a condition, but also as a common experience that collectively lends itself to the unique and diverse expressions of those who identify as disabled. 

Indigenous Peoples = describes a group of people who have occupied the same geographic location and maintained a distinct set of cultural practices over centuries of time. Although Indigenous peoples tend to maintain a greater level of traditional practices overtime than most other cultures, global Indigenous cultures are just as dynamic and fluid as most others cultures since they are a result of constant interactions with the surrounding environment (both human and nature), which is also changing. 

Global Citizenship = describes a movement that seeks to globalize the conditions of state-based citizenship to span across borders, countries, and civilizations. Global Citizenship reflects a type of citizenship that entails universal rights for all and the universal responsibility to uphold the rights and dignity of all humankind. 

Languages = the ability to communicate thoughts, emotions, changes in time and beliefs through words and physical movement. Every human being has the capacity to develop at least one language (i.e. the mother tongue) in a lifetime. 

Have something more to add to what we’ve discussed above, then check out this global issue’s wiki page to have your say!